John Updike And Individualism Essays - John Updike, Individualism

John Updike And Individualism John Updike wrote many books and short stories. Many of his characters resembled people he knew or they reflected his views on what was going on in America (Interview 75-79). They expressed his views on the value system that people lived by. One of these ideas was individualism. Individualism has not always been present in society. Up until the late 1960's, people accepted whatever was happening around them. Very few stood up for themselves or for others. Many people wished to, but were too afraid to speak up. They had to find other ways of expressing what they really thought. John Updike's idea of individuality expressed through the character of Sammy, in "A&P," closes the gap between the 1950's value system and today. To be an individual is characterized by many things. An individual knows how to think for themselves. They strive for independence and put their needs in front of others. If something is considered, "the thing to do," they will steer in the opposite direction. An individual wants to be seen differently from the rest of society. They want to have uniqueness unlike any other. Conformists, on the other hand, are people who thrive on being accepted. They wear the trendy clothes and put a group's best interest ahead of their own. They act in whatever way is acceptable to the group they wish to be apart of. Conformists tell people what they want to hear rather than speaking their own mind. They are prisoners within themselves. They are monotonous and carry on the same way day in and day out. Conformists are amusing due to their lack of thought. Sammy recognizes this when he refers to the shoppers as, "The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle" (Literature 13). In the late 1950's, individuality was rarely seen. People wanted to be just like their neighbors. They moved into houses identical to those all around them. Men always wore suits and ties and women wore dresses. People did everything to please society and keep their status equal with those amongst them (Stata 1-2). Communism was a scare to our country during this time. No one wanted their neighbor to think they were a communist. This added to their desire to be accepted. If they were not accepted they would be, not just disliked, but ostracized. Due to this, they all became conformists. They lived by the silent laws of conformity, which pushed for everyone to be the same. "Conformity was the measure of popularity as well as moral rightness" (Short 6). In today's society individualism is greatly enforced. We have been told since our sandbox days to be different. Do something new and exciting to get recognition. We want notability for ourselves. We don't want to be like the guy next door. The American Dream has changed since the 1950's. Today people strive to be rich. They want to be able to top their friends and family when it comes to material. Money is what matters. Each person has to try a new way to achieve this dream of money, which pushes him or her to seek individuality. This will help them learn what makes them different and use it to rise above. The value system of today let's people grow within themselves. It does not hold them back as it did in the 1950's. As Updike once said, "Something quite nice has happened to the American spirit" (Interview 78). Sammy was definitely an individual. He stood up for what he believed in and never backed down. He didn't care what his boss thought in regards to his quitting. He was making a statement. This was very uncommon in the 1950's. People did not quit their jobs over a decision made by a superior that had no affect on them, but Sammy did. He quit because he felt that the treatment the girls received was unnecessary. He also put forth his individualism when his boss questioned what he said. He could have easily taken back his words. Instead he went through with quitting his job. In his eyes, "Once you begin a gesture, its fatal not to go through with it" (Literature 16). Updike knew well of the 1950's and all the good and bad that came from that decade since he lived through it. He never knew that how he had Sammy think, act, and feel would be how the teenagers of the future would be. Sammy's character in "A&P" showed the type of person that the teenagers of today

Our Town Symbolism Essays

Our Town Symbolism Essays Our Town Symbolism Paper Our Town Symbolism Paper Essay Topic: Our Town We see through her experiences the way of life and how It ties In with Wielders themes of his play. Throughout the play we see three acts that depict days of the town of Groves Corners In different years. In the first act Emily Is still In school, she lives out her day Like a regular American girl by going to school, coming home, eating dinner with her family, talking with boys, etc. She ends her day looking at the stars before she sleeps. In the second act she has grown into a young woman and is now getting married to the boy next door, she seems to be a typical bride by getting cold feet before the adding and have emotional thoughts, through the end of the second act she ends up married and running off with her husband to who knows where. Finally in the third act, Emily is being put to rest; she has passed away during childbirth. We see Emily depicted as a spirit hoping to relive her life, but in the end she learns to acknowledge that she is dead and now must wait for her eternal life to begin. Wilder uses Emily lifespan to express his theme of life and death represented like the time of day. He starts often play in Emily young years which begins in the morning and n the end of the play, which is act three, sets off in her funeral where the play ends at night. The way Wilder explains in his play is that everything has an end like life and death, Wilder parallels it with day and night to show his meaning of beginnings and endings. Another theme Thornton Wilder uses in his play is the need for Human Companionship. Emily experiences in this theme are similar to the one before just that this time, shows the need of companionship with another. Every time we heard the hymn Blessed Be the Tie That Binds, Emily is somewhere with George her Cubans. This hymn was a symbol that shows that Wilder considers the human nature for the need of companionship a gift he may even have considered It sacred. The hymn is used each time Emily and George shared a moment together, for example In act one when the hymn was sung It was when Emily and George shared there conversation by their windows, In the second act the hymn was sung when Emily and George where wedded, and In the third act the hymn was sung when Emily was being burled and Joining the dead, leaving George behind. The verse of the hymn means that blessed Is tie that binds those two together, since they shared a life together. Wielders need for Employs companionship Is a showing that In human nature we all need a companion that one too walk with us through life. To finish, Wielders final theme would be to cherish every moment of life. As we see n AC tender, Emily In near split Tort tries to go Deck to ten past Ana relive a nappy day of her life, but she cannot handle it because all the emotions are too much for her that they overwhelm her. As she goes back to sit with the dead she realizes that hen they warned her that she shouldnt try to relive her past that its too late for her to cherish that moment. All she can do now is to wait for her eternal life and as she does so, she sees George crying at her grave. When the dead see this they feel no apathy for the man since they think he is Just wasting his life. Wielders point is that no matter what happens cherish every moment of your life and never let nothing hold you back, the loved ones that you lose do not mourn for them for they would not want you to, they would rather you Just cherish the moments you had with them and onetime on with your life. Since you only have one life and you should make the best of it. In conclusion, Wielders themes reflect off the lives of people and represent human nature in their own way. Life and Death, Human Companionship, the Value of Life all reflect on us, and Wilder uses this play to give us a push in the right direction and to step out of that cloud of ignorance that he talks about in the third act. Our Town is a play of life and is a great literature reading for the twenty-first century. Maybe he was right this book is a time-capsule to the past to show how people really cherished life.

Post-modern Business Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Post-modern Business Discourse - Essay Example Over the past two decades there has been a significant increase in the amount of environmental legislation passed in both the UK and the USA. However, it has been noted that the requirement to disclose environmental information in annual reports of organisations does not align with the pace of legislative reform with regard to environmental performances (Holland & Foo, 2003). Between the UK and the USA, voluntary disclosure of environmental information has led to differences in reporting practices. The exploratory study by Holland and Foo in 2003 investigated the corporate environmental reporting practices in the UK and the USA. They concluded that legislative and regulatory framework factors that make recommendations for legal and regulatory frameworks are influenced by environmental performances, and in turn determine the types of disclosures made in annual reports. Within the UK, it appears that disclosure is able to be clearly identified in annual reports, and the content focuses mostly on the management of environmental activities through management systems. In contrast, in the USA, there is clearly more focus on legislation, which produces a response in the annual report. Hence, it seems that the UK method of disclosure of environmental information is clearly separated and places the user needs first. However, this may be a process of legitimation, whereby disclosure justifies the environmental activities.

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate Essay

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate the goals and actions of the main characters in Siddhart - Essay Example Another book crafted on the path of humanity and presented on a spiritual plane was the book â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Yukio Mishima. The book was published in the year 1956 and was translated into English later in the year of 1959 by Ivan Morris. The book is based loosely on the burning of the Golden Temple situated at Kinkaku-ji of Kyoto. The novel revolves round the obsession with the beauty and the growing urge to destroy it. Comparison between â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† The books â€Å"Siddhartha† by Hermann Hesse and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Mishima are similar in many aspects. The ages that are captivated in both the novels are very similar. Along with this, the context of the books, more precisely the spirituality encapsulated within the narrow framework of the plots involved in both the novels are presented in a similar way. Yet there are some differences in the presen tation of subtle and cosmic scheme of things operating on the paradoxical plane of psychology and spirituality in both the novels. This intricate and subtle difference sets the parameter on which comparison can be made between â€Å"Siddhartha† by Herman Hesse and Mishima authored â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion†. Stark comparison can be drawn from the thematic perspective of both the novels. The novels â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† present a psychological trajectory of their respective protagonist. This trajectory includes the crest and fall of emotion and is presented in both the novels at a different paradigm. This difference of presentation of psychological crest and fall frames the major difference on the thematic plane. The title of the novel, â€Å"Siddhartha† is a Sanskrit word which actually contains two different words, namely ‘siddha’ which means achievement and ‘artha’ w hich means wealth or meaning. Amalgamation of both the words into one stands for two meaning. At the first plane, it means ‘he who has discovered the meaning of existence’. Also, the meaning denotes, ‘one who has achieved or attained his goals’ (Boeree, 1999). Eventually the name of Buddha before the attainment of renunciation was Prince Siddhartha or Gautama. In the book Gautama is referred to as ‘Gotama’. The story of â€Å"Siddhartha† starts with the journey of Siddhartha along with his companion Govinda. Siddhartha, the son of the Brahmin, leaves his home to join the ascetics. They leave the home and set out for the quest of the enlightenment. The story is plotted against the background of ancient India somewhere between the 4th to 7th Century BC. Siddhartha leaves the materialist life but indulges into the pleasures of the world by becoming the trader of love and consequently again gets back to ascetic. This circle of consciousness completes as a comprehensive representation of the events that takes place consciously in human life as his experience. The fundamentals of human cognition like perception, participation and knowledge take place within the context of experience and experience of human being essentially involves the oscillation of emotions pertaining to pain and pleasures of human life (Archie, & Et. Al., 2004). In the Part One of the book, author describes the restless

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Reflection paper - Essay Example Aside from this, there are issues in identifying who is at risk since adolescents are commonly identified in the criteria. The chapter suggests that all youth must be included as long as they manifest the behavioral signs. The common mistakes made in assessing youth-at-risk is placing focus on either cause or effect rather than establishing the relationship between the two factors . Also explored in the chapter are questions on measuring resiliency and its connection to the development of a prevention program. Moreover, a clear distinction of whether crisis prevention or crisis management must be set before initiating a program. In the first place, the manual’s emphasis is more on prevention , rather than management. The chapter is helpful in establishing foundational perspectives, identifying the youth, describing populations, and identifying behavioral and causal characteristics. It is also emphatic in stating that family, school, peer group, society are causal factors for the youth-at-risk. Nevertheless, the chapter supports the idea that through sound prevention programs, the incidence of youth-at-risk can be minimized. The handling of youth-at-risk is a complicated task which is why chapter 1 suggested that the approach must be multi-disciplinary. For one, it was revealed that most schools are not ready to handle youth-at-risk. The school cannot place the burden on the school counselor alone to handle all the problems of youth-at-risk. In fact, the success of Spring High school’s mentoring program that encouraged the student’s to stay in school was an effort from many mentors like classroom teachers ( Murray, 2009 ). The school must develop a sound conceptual framework that involves teachers committed to encouraging students to stay in school despite the difficulties that they encounter. Second, developing a prevention

Secularism in France

Secularism in France ESSAY QUESTION: Discuss the French 2004 Law which prohibits state school students from displaying any religious signs. Briefly introduce the law, explain the reasons why this law was adopted and show how it fits with the principle of secularism in the French Republic. Since the French Revolution in 1789 and the law established in 1791, requiring the state to be neutral and all public and church matters to be totally separate, France has been considered a secular state. France has been incredibly strict on this law since it was established, believing that neutrality meant equality, which is one of the main principles in France. After a rather long period of time, the government in France eventually brought in a set of laws referred to as the Jules Ferry laws. These laws declare that all state schools are required, in buildings, staff and curriculum to be secular, no signs of religion to be shown at all. This led to the adoption of the 2004 law stating that all conspicuous signs of religion in school were to be banned. A law that arose from a crisis which started in the late 1980’s, where Muslim girls were wearing the headscarves which represented their religion in a state school. While mostly unopposed in France, the introduction of this law brought about some controversy, within France itself and around the neighbouring countries. This essay sets out to explain the 2004 law, and the reasons why it was adopted. It also intends to explore how this law fits in with France’s principles on secularity, and equality. The law that president at the time, Jacques Chirac signed off on 15th of March 2004, came into effect on 2nd September 2004, the beginning of the new school year. This law prohibits any forms of religious signs being worn in schools. Because within the law itself, there is no referral to any specific signs, the law prohibits everything, including but not exclusive to, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish religious symbols. The official name for this law is, in English, Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the wearing of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public high schools[1]. The title of the law itself is very specific, thereby tying off the loophole that existed in the previous laws, in which the crisis began in the first place. The deep roots of the secular state of France comes from the French revolution in 1789. Before this period France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, meaning that the king and only the king had all the power to rule the country. There were no limits to how the king could rule, so frequently, kings abused that power. The king, during this period of time ruled, as he and the church believed, as a favour to God, and so the church was highly involved with the way the king ruled. After the revolution, the way the country was ruled was changed in a very large and impacting way, the state became secular, â€Å"the king now ruled by the will of the people, and not by the grace of god† (Jones 1994) France was also now ruled under the new constitution, as a constitutional monarchy, and as a republic. The people now had a rather large say in how their homeland was controlled. The constitutional monarchy brought in many new laws for how the king could rule for example, if a new law was to be passed it had to go through a series of councillors before it got to the king himself. This new constitution involved a bill for the new rights of men and citizens (excludes women and slaves). This allowed for all men and citizens to be born and remain free; this involves freedom of religion and freedom of speech, for all men and citizens to be equal; this involves equality of property ownership, and equal taxes, and lastly the republic is one and indivisible; which includes national sovereignty and the state being secular. Nearly a century after the start of the revolution, new laws came into government by the means of a man called Jules Ferry. Ferry is best known for his educational laws, which were brought in in 1882. These laws state that education for state schools in France was to be free of charge and compulsory for children aged between six and thirteen years old, and all state schools had to be secular. â€Å"Ferry’s ‘schools without God’ were bitterly opposed by the churchmen†¦ †¦Yet despite their contested beginnings the schools proved one of the most enduring cultural achievements of the early Third Republic.† (Jones 1994), this goes to show that although there was an opposition for these schools at first, they became very successful, and it was a strong support for the secularity principles of France. This practice seemed to work without a hitch for over 100 years. In 1989, a problem occurred that needed to be addressed by bringing in a new law which eventually came into effect in 2004. The issue that arose was, in 1989 three young female students were expelled from their state school which they attended near Paris, for wearing their religious head scarves to school and refusing to remove them. They even persisted to wear them during physical activity periods, and this seemed to be extremely unnecessary. This seemingly harmless act in the students eyes, led to their expulsion. It was a complication, because teachers and headmasters did not know how to deal with this issue, as it had never occurred before, so it was decided upon as the students had broken the law they were to be expelled. Many people found this disciplinary act excessive, and it caused a great uproar, involving young female students all over the country to wear their headscarves to school as well. Because of the la rge scale of unhappiness of the people of France, the news was all over this case, which led the High Administrative Council to realise that some higher form of discipline had to happen to regain control of the state. This was the key issue that led to the development, and adoption of the law in 2004. The students most likely thought their act was acceptable, because of one key mistake in the Jules Ferry Laws of 1882. These laws only refer to the buildings, curriculum and staff to be secular at all times. There is no mention of students at all. Therefore, the three students who inadvertently started the conflict in 1989 obviously saw this as a loop hole, and that nothing was wrong with what they were doing. Which in terms of the law, there wasn’t. It mostly came down to the fact that the French people had a very ‘set in stone’ opinion on the way the country should be, in regards to the way that they were interpreting the laws. The past events of the country led it to become secular, and the people of France believe that this consists of everything. Even as the new law has come in, there are still certain places which are not actually stated in the laws at all, like universities and private schools, the laws on this subject are rather specific. The wearing of headscarves in public places in France could be viewed as a negative also because of the links that it has with Islamic fundamentalism. Though most of the 5 million Muslims, or 8.3%[2] of France’s population, practice moderate religion, there are is a small percent of those who are fundamentalists and are using the steady increase in the Muslim population to their advantage. France battles severely with the fear of having terrorist attacks on its hands from people of its own soil e.g. Algeria and also attacks from Saudi Arabia. Although there is an option for people to attend religious private schools in France, there have been some cases where organised Islamic militant groups have forced young female students to wear the headscarf to school in order to pressure other girls to do the same. There have also been cases of withholding these students from certain classes in school which the groups believe are against their beliefs. This is an example of another just reason of why the law was adopted. On the other hand, although there were many reasons for adopting this law, there were also many reasons against. One of these reasons was, the adoption of this new law faced a lot of opposition from other nations- on an international level. One of the opposing nations was Britain. A great deal of British Muslims were against the adoption of this rule, many taking on the belief that it contradicted France’s law of religious freedoms. The British government were also on board â€Å"in condemning the French for trying to ban religious headwear and symbols in state schools† (Adenekan 2004). The ban faced all sorts of opposition, even from other religious divides in Britain, saying that it was among their basic rights as humans to wear symbols of their religion. Many believe that is part of their identity, and taking that away will cause divides in the community. Another nation which is severely against the law is United States. The nation of the United States believes that students can wear their religious symbols in schools without challenging the secularity of the state. One of the biggest problems that America has with this law is that it does not allow the integration process, â€Å"In this view, banning headscarves in public schools is meaningless in the face of problems that are primarily social and economic.† (Vasse 2004). The United States holds a similar secular principle, but the primary purpose for this adoption was to make sure that the government would not interfere with church business, to keep religion protected from the state, not the other way around. There were groups of people who were backing the law because of the women’s rights. They thought that the Muslim women who were having to wear the religious headscarves made the women inferior, as their rights were oppressed heavily by the men, and their religion. Some could argue the other side of this argument though, it is said that when the protests occurred when the law was first on the cards in 2004, the women who turned up to protest all claimed to wear their headscarf of their own free will. This shows the diversity of the way people reacted to this law being brought in, there were many reasons for the law to be brought in, and just as many reasons to oppose it. The law fits in very well with the secularism principles of France, and a key example of this is the French motto itself, which is still used today in modern day society, Libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©, meaning liberty equality and fraternity. The reasons for this law fitting in with these principles are stated under the declaration of rights for citizens and men that were established during the revolution in 1879. The first, Libertà ©, states that all men should have freedom of religion. The laws which France has relating to religion, is to ensure that all citizens and men have that right to their own religion. This way there is no stat church so no real pressure on citizens to conform to the normal religion. That in part is what this new law is trying to fit to, to make sure that students do not feel pressured, or offended for that fact, because everyone has different belief. The option for religious students to go to a private religious school, means that there is no real excuse for the behaviour that caused the adoption of the law in the first place. The way that the French society stands, is that there is options for everyone, to fit with the principles that the state runs by, for religious freedom. There are those who will argue that people should be able to express their religious freedoms everywhere, but it is fair to say that this just does not simply fit with France’s secularity principles, if it was the case to express religion everywhere there would be too many complications. It is clear to see from the evidence that France may have had no other choice but to adopt this law. As the only way to regain control of the country, and as a way to keep to the principles and practices of the French state. After the adoption of this law, there was talk of Germany taking on similar laws. It is plain to see that although there were many protests against the law at first, the country runs smoothly with it in place, and it creates a blanket of peace, and keeps the majority of people happy. The problem of religious symbols being worn in schools was resolved by the ruling of this law, which won in government by the majority of the vote. A country that has similar principles as France is New Zealand. In New Zealand there is more leniency within the laws, as in New Zealand it is not against the law to wear religious symbols in public, but it is a secular country all the same. â€Å"France is not the only Western country to insist on the separation of church and state but it does so more militantly than any other† (Astier 2004). This is reflected in the current events of France. After the introduction of this law, it was thought that the conflict of the wearing of religious symbols in public schools was resolved. But recent news stories have revealed a new perception on what religious symbols actually are, and how other innocent pieces of clothing and appearances are being viewed. A very recent news story on BBC states how â€Å"France is facing a fresh backlash against its strict secular policy after it emerged a 15-year-old Muslim girl was sent home from school because she was wearing a long black skirt.† But the harsh reality is, how can a long skirt be considered a religious symbol? There are plenty of non-religious people who wear skirts, whether they be long or short, as an everyday item of clothing. The real questions are ‘where is the line defined with the extent of what a religious symbol is?’ and ‘when is enough, enough?’ Bibliography Adenekan, Shola. 2004. British criticism of headscarf ban. February 12. Accessed May 03, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3477109.stm. Astier, Henri. 2004. The deep roots of French secularism. September 01. Accessed April 13, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3325285.stm. Britannica, Encyclopaedia. n.d. Jules Ferry. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Accessed April 29, 2015. France, Law department of. 2004. Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004 regulating, in accordance with the principle of secularism, the wearing of symbols or clothing denoting religious affiliation in schools, colleges and public high schools. 09 01. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000417977dateTexte=. Jones, Colin. 1994. Cambridge Illustrated History Of France. Cambridge University Press. Lyon, Dawn, and Deborah Spini. 2004. UNVEILING THE HEADSCARF DEBATE. Legislative note, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Unknown. 2015. France outcry over Muslim schoolgirls skirt ban. 04 29. Accessed 05 01, 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-32510606. —. 2004. French MPs back headscarf ban. 02 10. Accessed 04 29, 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3474673.stm. —. n.d. The official website of france. Accessed 04 30, 2015. http://www.france.fr/en.html. Vasse, Justin. 2004. Veiled meanng: The French Law banning religous symbols in public schools. Research report, Washington: The Brookings Institute. [1] Name of law acquired from http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ on 24 April 2015 [2] Estimated number, retained from the work of Vasse page 3

The Rapid Growth of Online Social Media Networks

Social networking used to link and portion information with friends.People may utilize societal networking services for dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent grounds to web with new contacts, reconnect with the friends, maintain the relationships position, for concern or undertaking work related, take participate in treatments on the many subject, or merely hold get together meeting and interaction with other take parting users. [ 1 ] .There are figure of users on SocialNetwork and Twitter. LinkedIn has positioned itself as a professional networking site proi ¬?les include resume information and groups are created to portion many inquiries and thoughts with other users in similar i ¬?elds. Unlike traditional personal home pages people in these societies publish non merely their personal properties, but besides their relationships with friends.It may do the privateness misdemeanor in societal webs [ 3 ] .Information privateness is needed for users. Existing techniques are used to forestall direct revelation of sensitive personal information.Here the focal points on societal web informations classii ¬?cation and inferring the persons private information. More private information are inferred by using corporate classii ¬?cation algorithm. The system heighten how the on-line information of societal web is used for anticipation some person’s private property that a user/person are non interested unwrap these property to other users ( e.g. gender identii ¬?cation, sexual orientation ) .For illustration in an oi ¬?ce people connect to each other because of similar professions. Therefore it is possible that one may be able to deduce someone’s property from the properties of his/her friends. In such instances, privateness is indirectly disclosed by their societal dealingss instead than from the proprietor straight. This is called personal information escape from illation [ 10 ] . The rapid growing and ubiquitousness of on-line societal media services has given an impact to the manner people interact with each other. Online societal networking has become one of the most popular activities on the web. Social web analysis has been a key technique in modern sociology, geographics, economic sciences, and information science.The informations generated by societal media services frequently referred to as the societal web informations. In many state of affairss the informations demands to be published and shared with others. Social webs are online applications allow their users for connexion by dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent linktypes [ 3 ] . As portion of their professional web. Because of users specify inside informations which are related to their professional life.These sites gather extended personal information societal net- work appli- cation suppliers have a rare chance direct usage of this information could be utile to advertizers for direct selling. Print informations for others to analyse even though it may create terrible privateness menaces or they can keep back informations because of privateness concerns even though that makes the analysis impossible. For illustrations concern companies are analyzing the societal connexions in societal web informations to bring out client relationship that can benei ¬?t their services and prod- uct gross revenues. The analysis consequence of societal web informations is believed to potentially supply an alternate position of real-world phenomena due to the strong connexion between the histrions behind the web informations and existent universe entities. Social-network information makes com- merce much more proi ¬?table [ 7 ] . On the other manus the petition to utilize the informations can besides come from 3rd party applications embedded in the societal media application itself. For case, societal sites has 1000s of 3rd party applications and the figure is grow- ing exponentially. Even though the procedure of informations sharing in this instance is inexplicit the informations is so passed over from the information proprietor ( service supplier ) to dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent party ( the application ) .The informations given to these applications is normally non sanitized to protect users privacy.Desired usage of informations and single privateness presents an chance for privateness continuing societal web informations excavation. That is the find of information and rela- tionships from societal web informations without go againsting privateness. So utilizing classii ¬?cation i ¬?nd sensitive informations and take it from informations set and supply extremely sanitize dataset [ 1 ] . Although OSNs are rather utile in dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent sense, there has been some consid- erations about privateness of users in such services. OSNs are big datastores of personal information. This information is valuable in the sense that by statistical analysis it is possible to pull out the penchant of users based on dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent standards such as gender and matrimonial position. Such analysis can so be used for advertisement and research intents [ 5 ] . MET’s Institute of Engineering 2 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web Third-parties provide targeted advertizement to increase their commercial gross utilizing the societal platform and custom-make their publicities precisely based on the penchants of visitants and increase their opportunities on marketing [ 1 ] . OSN suppliers such as Facebook province that they will non manus private information to these third- parties. However there has been many contentions about escape of sensitive information to third parties where OSN suppliers handed private user information along with ego placing information. A recent probe by the Wall Street Journal showed that personal ID of Facebook users was being transmitted to third party advertizement and tracking companies along with their personal involvements which was against the promises made by Facebook [ 6 ] . This is where concerns are raised about the privateness of OSN users. The chief privateness concern is that members might non be willing to expose their proi ¬?le information to everyone indoors or outside a web. Peoples need control over their personal information and how it is being shown on the web. In OSNs users provide their electronic mail reference, exposure, friends, instruction, calling background, relationship position and activities such as noticing. For assorted grounds one might be willing to conceal them from certain people. Reasons such as safety, separation of work environment and personal life are among them. If the information is public to everyone it can do jobs such as losing a occupation. Furthermore it can be collected and used for commercial intents without the consent of users [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] . The privateness scenes normally does non to the full let concealing friendship links and groups ai ¬?liations and the connexion between people and groups are publically seeable. Such links and ai ¬?liations can take to information escape and expose high sum of information. In add-on many users do non protect their proi ¬?les from aliens and the web would be a mixture of public and private proi ¬?les [ 13 ] . As a consequence while an single protects his proi ¬?le utilizing the privateness scenes, it is possible that a big fraction of his friends have an unfastened proi ¬?le which contains information about him including the friendly relationship nexus, remarks and so on. Besides even if there are no direct information about a individual in his friends, by statistical analysis it would be possible to deduce some properties for a user even if he has a private proi ¬?le which is the subject of this System [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . The end of this System chiefly highlights how it is possible to deduce and retrace private properties of OSN users based on friendship links and personal inside informations. Using chance theoretical accounts and informations excavation attacks such as Naive bays larning, it is shown that with certain possibilities it would be executable to deduce private properties of users. MET’s Institute of Engineering 3 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web To see the consequence on a existent dataset, a well-known Facebook OSN, Proi ¬?le information is col- lected and used. Analysis of system shows that it is possible for an active OSN member to to the full protect its privateness by remotion of sensitive properties from proi ¬?le informations or from dataset before let go ofing to third party [ 1 ] , [ 11 ] . 1.1 Area of Dersertation Social webs are considered as online applications that permit the users to link by manner of assorted nexus types. Based on the provided inside informations, these webs let people to name inside informations about themselves that are appropriate to the basicss of the web. Some site is a common usage of societal web, hence single users list their preferable activities, films and books. Conversely a professional web such as LinkedIn, users specify inside informations which are suited to their professional life.These sites gather extended personal information and therefore societal web application suppliers have a rare opportunity of direct use of this information that could be utile to advertizers for direct marketing.For forestalling illation onslaught proposed system is used and it better the classii ¬?cation truth of system by utilizing Naive bays classii ¬?cation. MET’s Institute of Engineering 4 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web 1.2 Dissertation Plan Month Project Activity August Project Topic Selection Submission of Abstract Survey of Literature Survey September First Presentation about thought of Undertaking Requirement analysis ( SRS Document ) readying October Mathematical Model Algorithm and System Analysis Detailed Design November Project Stage-1 Presentation Documentation December Stating stage of execution Requirement assemblage for implemntation January Implementation and proving February Implementation and proving March Test instances planing for complete system and proving as per trial instances Changes in execution if any April Testing and certification May Testing and certification Table 1.1: Dissertation Plan MET’s Institute of Engineering 5 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web 1.3 Motivation †¢ Privacy to individual which is concerned with the unity of the persons organic structure, agencies prevent the interloper entry in personal informations. †¢ Privacy of personal behaviour, This relates to dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent facets of behaviour such as sexual penchants, political activities and spiritual ideas both in private and public topographic points. †¢ Here the ei ¬Ã‹â€ ectiveness of both local and relational classii ¬?cation truth are reduces by utilizing the sanitation methods and it is really helpful for forestalling personal information onslaught on societal web. †¢ Privacy of personal communicating in instance of persons have an involvement to be able to pass on among each other through dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent media without being monitored or intercepted by other individuals or administrations. †¢ Privacy of personal informations, Persons claim that informations about themselves should non be available to other persons or administrations without their consent and even if the information is processed by a third-party, the person must be able to hold consid- erable grade of control over it data and its usage. †¢ Here it has been proposed to plan a system that explore the ei ¬Ã‹â€ ect of possible informations sanitation attacks on forestalling such private information escape, while leting the receiver of the sanitized information to make inference on non-sensitive inside informations. †¢ Desired usage of informations and single privateness presents an chance for privateness continuing societal web, That is the find of information and relationships from societal web informations without go againsting privateness. 1.4 Aims This system dei ¬?ne two classii ¬?cation undertakings. The i ¬?rst is that to find whether a individual is †conservative† or †liberal† on the footing of user proi ¬?le information. MET’s Institute of Engineering 6 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web Privacy concerns of persons in a societal web can be classii ¬?ed into two classs: privateness after informations release, and private information escape. Cases of privateness after informations release involve the identii ¬?cation of specii ¬?c persons in a information set subsequent to its release to the general populace or to paying clients for a specii ¬?c use or 3rd party for their advertisement work. By deducing the sensitive property like gender, matrimonial position such personal information of user proi ¬?le is used for dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent type of attack.Here aims of system is privacy concern as concealing the user’s personal inside informations from exterior users means from 3rd party, so information misusage are avoid.

Legal Awareness Is the Need of Hour Essay

Our country is a democratic country as well as a welfare state. â€Å"Rule of Law† is the edifice on which the democratic structure has been built on. â€Å"Rule of Law† means everybody is equal in the eyes of law. In spite of this solemn principle, every day we hear news about instances of atrocities committed against women and children, excesses by law enforcing agencies, harassment of citizens by officials, cheating by seller of goods, exploitation of the weak, stories of discriminations and deprivation in the society besides heinous crimes like rape, murder, looting, etc. In most of the cases the victims accept these suffering silently by ascribing them to fate or are afraid to protest on the grounds of further reprisals. The fact is that many times people are not aware of the law and the rights such laws confer for their protection. The Directive Principles of the constitution lays down the guidelines for the welfare of the socially and economically neglected section of the society. A number of laws have been enacted to contribute to the welfare of the socially and economically downtrodden population of the society. However, the benefits of these provisions are not reaped by them due to lack of awareness about the same. Every country has prescribed Rights and Duties for its Citizen. The Citizens need to be aware about their Rights, the related legal provisions and processes. Coupled with this knowledge, they are also required to know how to realize their rights and entitlements. On the reverse side, there are certain duties and prohibitions which are cast upon people and that need to be observed so that they do not transcend the barriers and get into trouble for the same. The lack of legal awareness is not, unfortunately, confined to illiterates. Even educated person are often not aware about their Rights and Duties. A country can progress only when all its citizens are well aware of their Rights and know to exercise their Rights. This empowers citizens to demand justice and seek remedies for wrong done to them. Such a position would bring greater harmony, accountability and transparency at all levels which is sine-qua-non for progress and development. The examples of Europe and USA are noteworthy in this respect. They present a picture of a more just society than many of the developing countries in the world. The Constitution of India has outlined the Fundamental Rights of Citizens under Part III of our Constitution. Similarly, the Duties of the Citizen have been enshrined therein. Any violation/deprivation of the same can be enforced through High Court/Supreme Court under Art 32 and Art 226 of the Constitution. Natural justice provides that no person can be coerced into giving evidence against him. It is in this background Supreme Court of India has ruled that ‘Narco Analysis’, ‘Brain Mapping’, ‘Polygraph Testing’ tantamount of self incrimination and violation of Section 20(3), in the case of Smt. Selvi and others v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 Educated and uneducated citizen are often not aware about the process relating to arrest by police. Before arresting somebody, police has to show the warrant, if the offence is bail able or not. Any person arrested has to produce before a magistrate within 24 hours. Before conducting a search in somebody’s house search warrant has to be given. In case relating to seizure of Passport of Maneka Gandhi, the court observed that such station Action cannot be arbitrary and the reasons of seizure need to be given to the concerned person. A host of laws have been enacted for the welfare and exercise of positive discrimination in favor of the neglected section of the society. For example-: Hindu Marriage Act, Untouchablity Act, Dowry Act, Engagement of Child Labor, Child Marriage Act, Domestic Violence Act, Consumer Protection Act. For expeditious disposal of the grievances of citizen’s, legal institutions like Lok Adalats, Family Courts, Mahila Courts, Consumer Courts, Ombudsman, District Legal Service Authority, etc have been created. These institutions have been established on the basis of dictum â€Å"Justice delayed is Justice denied† For the progress of the country where everybody lives in harmony with others, ensuring a just society there is an urgent need for spreading legal awareness amongst people. The idea behind spread of legal information is that people are empowered before the need to seek Legal Aid arises and if the need for legal aid does arise then at least the people armed with newly acquired legal information can use the information in the best possible way. In order to promote the legal awareness following step should be taken-: †¢Increase in the literacy rate in the country. In our own country also because of high literacy rates people from Kerala are more conscious about their legal rights than other states. †¢Societies like ‘SEWA’, ‘MARG’, ‘ICARE’, ‘CRY’, etc have been doing a pioneering work in creating legal awareness among people. Such work needs to be encouraged. If other governmental an non-governmental organizations come up with such ideas then making people aware of their rights and duties and delivering justice would not be a difficult task. †¢Legal classes can be held in schools and colleges, with the aim of training the student also in turn can spread the same to their parents and friends. Particularly, women and girls can be enlightened on various legal protections and procedures to approach Police Station and courts for protection of their rights and obtain remedy for their problems. †¢Along with the legal acts, people need to be sensitized about various welfare schemes of the Government, functioning of the Legal Service Authority, the enacted provisions regarding free legal aid and services. Legal reforms which are long overdue in our country should be expedited. This would enable the judicial system to cut away lot of practices and procedures which delay the process of administration of justice. Most of the laws in our country owe their origin to colonial days and need to be reframed and simplified. The mind set for formulation of laws couched in legal jargons, clauses, sub-clauses not easily understood by the citizens has to change. Laws outlined in simpler terms can be easily comprehended by common people and would contribute towards enhancing legal awareness among citizens. Economically, India is having a sustained growth. The country is on the threshold of a developed country, an elevation from the status of a developing economy. In this scenario, the need for legal awareness amongst the citizen is very much necessary. With citizens conversant with their rights and duties, the presence of justice and fair play in the society, transparency, accountability would enabl e the country to make bigger strides in this economic development. Being a democracy is an advantage in this regard.

Horatius at the Bridge by Thomas Babington Macaulay

'Horatius at the Bridge' by Thomas Babington Macaulay An esteemed army officer in the ancient Roman Republic, Horatius Cocles lived in a legendary period of Rome during the late sixth century.  Horatius was known for defending one of Romes most famous bridges, the Pons Sublicius, during the war between Rome and Clusium.  The heroic leader was known for fighting against Etruscan invaders such as Lars Porsena and his invading army.  Horatius was known as a courageous and brave leader of the Roman army. Thomas Babington McAulay The poet  Thomas Babington McAulay  is also known as a politician, essayist, and  historian.  Born in England in 1800, he wrote one of his first poems at the age of eight called The Battle of Cheviot. Macaulay went on to college where he began to have his essays published prior to a career in politics.  He was best known for his work in History of England covering the period 1688–1702. Macaulay died in 1859 in London. Summary The story of Horatius is described in Plutarchs Life of Publicola. In the early 6th century BCE, Lars Porsena was the most powerful king in Etruscan Italy, who Tarquinius Superbus asked to help him take back Rome. Porsena sent a message to Rome saying they should receive Tarquin as their king, and when the Romans refused, he declared war on them. Publicola was the consul of Rome, and he and Lucretius defended Rome until they fell in battle. Horatius Cocles (Cyclops, so named because he had lost one of his eyes in the wars) was the keeper of the Gate of Rome. He stood in front of the bridge and held off the Etruscans until the Romans could put the bridge out of commission. Once that was accomplished, Horatius, wounded by a spear to his buttocks and in full armor, dove into the water and swam back to Rome.   Horatius was forced to retire as a result of his injuries and, after a protracted siege of the city, Lars Porsena captured Rome, but without sacking it. Tarquinius Superbus was to be the last of the kings of Rome. Macaulay's Horatius at the Bridge The following poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay is a memorable ballad that recounts the courage of Horatius Cocles in his battle with the Roman army against the Etruscans. Lars Porsena  of Clusium, by the Nine Gods he sworeThat the great house of  Tarquin  should suffer wrong no more.By the Nine Gods he swore it, and named a trysting day,And bade his messengers ride forth,East and West and South and North,To summon his array.East and West and South and North the messengers ride fast,And tower and town and cottage have heard the trumpets blast.Shame on the false  Etruscan  who lingers in his home,When Porsena of Clusium is on the march for  Rome! The horsemen and the footmen are pouring in amainFrom many a stately market-place, from many a fruitful plain;From many a lonely hamlet which, hid by beech and pineLike an eagles nest hangs on the crest of purple Apennine;From lordly Volaterrae, where scowls the far-famed holdPiled by the hands of giants for god-like kings of old;From sea-girt  Populonia, whose sentinels descrySardinias snowy mountain-tops fringing the southern sky;From the proud mart of Pisae, queen of the western waves,Where ride Massilias triremes, heavy with fair-haired slaves;From where sweet Clanis wanders through corn and vines and flowers;From where Cortona lifts to heaven her diadem of towers.Tall are the oaks whose acorns drop in dark Ausers rill;Fat are the stags that champ the boughs of the Ciminian hill;Beyond all streams Clitumnus is to the herdsman dear;Best of all pools the fowler loves the great Volsinian mere. But now no stroke of woodman is heard by Ausers rill;No hunter tracks the stags green path up the Ciminian hill;Unwatched along Clitumnus grazes the milk-white steer;Unharmed the water fowl may dip in the Volsinian mere.The harvests of Arretium, this year, old men shall reap;This year, young boys in Umbro shall plunge the struggling sheep;And in the vats of Luna, this year, the must shall foamRound the white feet of laughing girls whose sires have marched to Rome.   There be thirty chosen prophets, the wisest of the land,Who always by Lars Porsena both morn and evening stand:Evening and morn the Thirty have turned the verses oer,Traced from the right on linen white by mighty seers of yore;And with one voice the Thirty have their glad answer given:Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena! Go forth, beloved of Heaven!Go, and return in glory to Clusiums round dome,And hang round Nurscias altars the golden shields of Rome.And now hath every city sent up her tale of men;The foot are fourscore thousand; the horse are thousands ten.Before the gates of Sutrium is met the great array.A proud man was Lars Porsena upon the trysting day.For all the Tuscan armies were ranged beneath his eye,And many a banished  Roman, and many a stout ally;And with a mighty following to join the muster cameThe Tusculan Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name.But by the yellow Tiber was tumult and affright:From all the spacious champaign to Rome men took their flight.A mile around the city the throng stopped up the ways:A fearful sight it was to see through two long nights and daysFor aged folks on crutches, and women great with child,And mothers sobbing over babes that clung to them and smiled. And sick men borne in litters high on the necks of slaves,And troops of sun-burned husbandmen with reaping-hooks and staves,And droves of mules and asses laden with skins of wine,And endless flocks of goats and sheep, and endless herds of kine,And endless trains of wagons that creaked beneath the weightOf corn-sacks and of household goods choked every roaring gate.Now, from the  rock Tarpeian, could the wan burghers spyThe line of blazing villages red in the midnight sky.The Fathers of the City, they sat all night and day,For every hour some horseman came with tidings of dismay.To eastward and to westward have spread the Tuscan bands;Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote in Crustumerium stands.Verbenna down to Ostia hath wasted all the plain;Astur hath stormed Janiculum, and the stout guards are slain. I wis, in all the Senate, there was no heart so bold,But sore it ached, and fast it beat, when that ill news was told.Forthwith up rose the Consul, up rose the Fathers all;In haste they girded up their gowns and hied them to the wall.They held a council standing before the River-Gate;Short time was there, ye well may guess, for musing or debate.Out spake the Consul roundly: The bridge must straight go down;For since Janiculum is lost, naught else can save the town...Just then, a scout came flying, all wild with haste and fear:To arms! To arms, Sir Consul! Lars Porsena is here!On the low hills to westward the Consul fixed his eye,And saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky,And nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come;And louder still and still more loud, from underneath that whirling cloud,Is heard the trumpets war-note proud, the trampling and the hum.And plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears,Far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of d ark-blue light,The long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears. And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line,Now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine;But the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all,The terror of the  Umbrian; the terror of the Gaul.And plainly and more plainly now might the burghers know,By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.There Cilnius of Arretium on his fleet roan was seen;And Astur of the four-fold shield, girt with the brand none else may wield,Tolumnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbenna from the holdBy reedy Thrasymene.Fast by the royal standard, oerlooking all the war,Lars Porsena of Clusium sat in his ivory car.By the right wheel rode  Mamilius, prince of the Latian name,And by the left false Sextus, who wrought the deed of shame.But when the face of Sextus was seen among the foes,A yell that rent the firmament from all the town arose.On the house-tops was no woman but spat toward him and hissed,No child but screamed out curses, and shook its little first .   But the Consuls brow was sad, and the Consuls speech was low,And darkly looked he at the wall, and darkly at the foe.Their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down;And if they once might win the bridge, what hope to save the town?Then out spoke brave  Horatius, the Captain of the Gate:To every man upon this earth, death cometh soon or late;And how can man die better than facing fearful odds,For the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his Gods,And for the tender mother who dandled him to rest,And for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast,And for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame,To save them from false Sextus, that wrought the deed of shame?Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul, with all the speed ye may!I, with two more to help me, will hold the foe in play.In yon strait path, a thousand may well be stopped by three:Now, who will stand on either hand and keep the bridge with me?Then out spake Spurius Lartius; a Ramnian proud was he:Lo, I will stand at thy right hand and keep the bridge with thee.And out spake strong Herminius; of Titian blood was he:I will abide on thy left side, and keep the bridge with thee.Horatius, quoth the Consul, as thou sayest, so let it be.And straight against that great array forth went the dauntless Three. For Romans in Romes quarrel spared neither land nor gold,Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life, in the brave days of old.Then none was for a party; then all were for the state;Then the great man helped the poor, and the poor man loved the great.Then lands were fairly portioned; then spoils were fairly sold:The Romans were like brothers in the brave days of old.Now Roman is to Roman more hateful than a foe,And the Tribunes beard the high, and the Fathers grind the low.As we wax hot in faction, in battle we wax cold:Wherefore men fight not as they fought in the brave days of old.Now while the Three were tightening their harness on their backs,The Consul was the foremost man to take in hand an axe:And Fathers mixed with Commons seized hatchet, bar and crow,And smote upon the planks above and loosed the props below.Meanwhile the Tuscan army, right glorious to behold,Came flashing back the noonday light,Rank behind rank, like surges bright of a broad sea of gold.Four hundred trumpets sounde d a peal of warlike glee,As that great host, with measured tread, and spears advanced, and ensigns spread,Rolled slowly towards the bridges head where stood the dauntless Three. The Three stood calm and silent, and looked upon the foes,And a great shout of laughter from all the vanguard rose:And forth three chiefs came spurring before that deep array;To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, and lifted high their shields, and flewTo win the narrow way;Aunus from green Tifernum, Lord of the Hill of Vines;And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves sicken in Ilvas mines;And Picus, long to Clusium vassal in peace and war,Who led to fight his Umbrian powers from that grey crag where, girt with towers,The fortress of Naquinum lowers oer the pale waves of Nar.Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus into the stream beneath:Herminius struck at Seius, and clove him to the teeth:At Picus brave Horatius darted one fiery thrust;And the proud Umbrians golden arms clashed in the bloody dust.Then Ocnus of Falerii rushed on the Roman Three;And Lausulus of Urgo, the rover of the sea,And Aruns of Volsinium, who slew the great wild boar,The great wild boar that had his den amidst the re eds of Cosas fen,And wasted fields, and slaughtered men, along Albinias shore. Herminius smote down Aruns; Lartius laid Ocnus low:Right to the heart of Lausulus Horatius sent a blow.Lie there, he cried, fell pirate! No more, aghast and pale,From Ostias walls the crowd shall mark the track of thy destroying bark.No more Campanias hinds shall fly to woods and caverns when they spyThy thrice-accursed sail.But now no sound of laughter was heard among the foes.A wild and wrathful clamour from all the vanguard rose.Six spears lengths from the entrance halted that deep array,And for a space no man came forth to win the narrow way.But hark! the cry is Astur, and lo! the ranks divide;And the great Lord of Luna comes with his stately stride.Upon his ample shoulders clangs loud the four-fold shield,And in his hand he shakes the brand which none but he can wield.He smiled on those bold Romans a smile serene and high;He eyed the flinching Tuscans, and scorn was in his eye.Quoth he, The she-wolfs litter stand savagely at bay:But will ye dare to follow, if Astur clears the wa y?Then, whirling up his broadsword with both hands to the height,He rushed against Horatius and smote with all his might. With shield and blade Horatius right deftly turned the blow.The blow, yet turned, came yet too nigh;It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh:The Tuscans raised a joyful cry to see the red blood flow.He reeled, and on Herminius he leaned one breathing-space;Then, like a wild-cat mad with wounds, sprang right at Asturs face.Through teeth, and skull, and helmet so fierce a thrust he sped,The good sword stood a hand-breadth out behind the Tuscans head.And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke,As falls on Mount Alvernus a thunder-smited oak.Far oer the crashing forest the giant arms lay spread;And the pale augurs, muttering low, gaze on the blasted head.On Asturs throat Horatius right firmly pressed his heel,And thrice and four times tugged amain, ere he wrenched out the steel.And see, he cried, the welcome, fair guests, that waits you here!What noble Lucumo comes next to taste our Roman cheer?But at his haughty challenge a sullen murmur ran,Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dr ead, along that glittering van. There lacked not men of prowess, nor men of lordly race;For all Etrurias noblest were round the fatal place.But all  Etrurias noblest felt their hearts sink to seeOn the earth the bloody corpses; in their path the dauntless Three;And, from the ghastly entrance where those bold Romans stood,All shrank, like boys who unaware, ranging the woods to start a hare,Come to the mouth of a dark lair where, growling low, a fierce old bearLies amidst bones and blood.Was none who would be foremost to lead such dire attack?But those behind cried Forward!, and those before cried Back!And backward now and forward wavers the deep array;And on the tossing sea of steel, to and fro the standards reel;And the victorious trumpet-peal dies fitfully away.Yet one man for one moment strode out before the crowd;Well known was he to all the Three, and they gave him greeting loud.Now welcome, welcome, Sextus! Now welcome to thy home!Why dost thou stay, and turn away? Here lies the  road to Rome.Thrice looked he at the city; thrice looked he at the dead;And thrice came on in fury, and thrice turned back in dread:And, white with fear and hatred, scowled at the narrow wayWhere, wallowing in a pool of blood, the bravest Tuscans lay. But meanwhile axe and lever have manfully been plied;And now the bridge hangs tottering above the boiling tide.Come back, come back, Horatius! loud cried the Fathers all.Back, Lartius! Back, Herminius! Back, ere the ruin fall!Back darted Spurius Lartius;  Herminius  darted back:And as they passed, beneath their feet they felt the timbers crack.But when they turned their faces, and on the further shoreSaw brave Horatius stand alone, they would have crossed once more.But with a crash like thunder fell every loosened beam,And, like a dam, the mighty wreck lay right athwart the stream:And a loud shout of triumph rose from the walls of Rome,As to the highest turret-tops was splashed the yellow foam.And, like a horse unbroken, when first he feels the rein,The furious river struggled hard, and tossed his tawny mane,And burst the curb, and bounded, rejoicing to be free,And whirling down, in fierce career, battlement, and plank, and pierRushed headlong to the sea.Alone stood brave Horatiu s, but constant still in mind;Thrice thirty thousand foes before, and the broad flood behind. Down with him! cried false Sextus, with a smile on his pale face.Now yield thee, cried Lars Porsena, now yield thee to our grace!Round turned he, as not deigning those craven ranks to see;Nought spake he to Lars Porsena, to Sextus nought spake he;But he saw on Palatinus the white porch of his home;And he spake to the noble river that rolls by the towers of Rome.Oh Tiber, father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray,A Romans life, a Romans arms, take thou in charge this day!So he spake and, speaking, sheathed the good sword by his side,And, with his harness on his back, plunged headlong in the tide.No sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank;But friends and foes in dumb surprise, with parted lips and straining eyes,Stood gazing where he sank;And when above the surges they saw his crest appear,All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, and even the ranks of TuscanyCould scarce forbear to cheer.But fiercely ran the current, swollen high by months of rain:And fast his blood was flowing; and he was sore in pain,And heavy with his armour, and spent with changing blows:And oft they thought him sinking, but still again he rose. Never, I ween, did swimmer, in such an evil case,Struggle through such a raging flood safe to the landing place:But his limbs were borne up bravely by the brave heart within,And our good father  Tiber  bare bravely up his chin Curse on him! quoth false Sextus, will not the villain drown?But for this stay, ere close of day, we would have sacked the town!Heaven help him! quoth Lars Porsena, and bring him safe to shore;For such a gallant feat of arms was never seen before.And now he feels the bottom: now on dry earth he stands;Now round him throng the Fathers, to press his gory hands;And now, with shouts and clapping, and noise of weeping loud,He enters through the River-Gate, borne by the joyous crowd.They gave him of the corn-land, that was of public right,As much as two strong oxen could plough from morn till night;And they made a molten image, and set it up on high,And there it stands unto this day to witness if I lie.It stands in the Comitium, plain for all folk to see;Horatius in his harness, halting upon one knee:And underneath is written, in letters all of gold,How valiantly he kept the bridge in the brave days of old.And still his name sounds stirring unto the men of Rome,As the trumpet-blast that ca lls to them to charge the Volscian home;And wives still pray to Juno for boys with hearts as boldAs his who kept the bridge so well in the brave days of old. And in the nights of winter, when the cold north winds blow,And the long howling of the wolves is heard amidst the snow;When round the lonely cottage roars loud the tempests din,And the good logs of Algidus roar louder yet within;When the oldest cask is opened, and the largest lamp is lit;When the chestnuts glow in the embers, and the kid turns on the spit;When young and old in circle around the firebrands close;When the girls are weaving baskets and the lads are shaping bowsWhen the goodman mends his armour, and trims his helmets plume,And the goodwifes shuttle merrily goes flashing through the loom;With weeping and with laughter still is the story told,How well Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old.

Salvador DAli on Surrelism essays

Salvador DAli on Surrelism essays Requirements for Mental Health Technician (MHT) 1. Must take post test after each video b. Intoxication 2. Read assigned books Chapter assigned are as follows 1,2,3,4,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,(25-33) 3. Verbal discussion with a Registered Nurse (RN) Scheduled Classroom lecture with Instructor (You will be notified of Classroom Lectures) 4. Mandatory Quiz after each video (Mandatory Test after curriculum) Every student will be notified on externship hours which they will need to grasp the social and verbal concepts. ( These are the topics that you will need to familiarize yourself with) Intake and Referral Services 24 hr. mental health crisis line Crisis Intervention Delegate Forensic/Mental Health Services to county jail and court system Mental Health Assessments and Recommendations Community Outreach Care Worker - Farrell/Wheatland Psychological, Psychiatric, Social Family Based Mental Health School Based Mental Health Partial Hospitalization (adult and adolescent) Family Support for the Mentally Retarded In-Patient Psychiatric Serv. (adult/adolescents) Community Residential Services (CRR + CLA) Community Services (public educa ...

Important phenomenon of interpersonal communication Essay

Important phenomenon of interpersonal communication - Essay Example This paper will focus on the interpersonal relationships found in business, such as between customers and companies, among co-workers, and between managers/supervisors and their subordinates. This paper provides an empirical description of the Social Exchange Theory, a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon, and a critical evaluation of the validity and utility of the theoretical explanation. There is an empirical description of the Social Exchange Theory, which begins with the concept of knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is an important goal of interpersonal communication at organizations, because it can yield competitive advantages (Wu et al. 84). Nonetheless, organizations do not always exert adequate effort to develop mechanisms that successfully persuade employees to share knowledge (Wu et al. 84). Knowledge is precious and knowledge-sharing behavior is an example of social exchange in the workplace (Wu et al. 84). People who have the knowledge do not always feel free to s hare them, unless there are perceived benefits in doing so, which is a fundamental argument of the Social Exchange Theory. ... ndividual altruism† and â€Å"a social interaction environment.† The sampling came from Taiwanese high-tech industries, particularly research and development (R&D) teams. Finding showed that employees’ â€Å"perceived interpersonal trust,† from colleagues or supervisor, was found to be positively associated with their propensity to share knowledge (91). Employees’ altruism is also a trait that affected the tendency to share knowledge in the workplace and altruism also lessened the association between trust of colleagues and knowledge sharing (91). Furthermore, an â€Å"organizational social interaction environment† improves the positive association between trust of colleagues and knowledge sharing (91). Hence, trust is critical to knowledge sharing or the formation of some of the basic interpersonal relations that organizations require to become competitive. Whitener et al. explored the kinds of behavior managers may perform to build trust. Th ey used the agency and social exchange theories and proposed an exchange relationship framework that recognizes organizational, relational, and individual factors that support or restrain managerial trustworthy behavior. Their model argued for the importance of trust in creating strong and knowledge-sharing relationships. The empirical research showed that the social exchange theory is grounded on trust and from trust and expectations of benefits, positive social exchange can occur. A theoretical explanation of the phenomenon will further help understand the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory, as developed by Blau in 1964, states that an individual may seek to create an exchange relationship with others by willingly giving benefits to others first and then expecting some level of return in the future (Wu et al.

The Homeless Policy in New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Homeless Policy in New York City - Essay Example In addition, the viability of community policing as an efficient strategy in augmenting the policy will be addressed from a social and historical perspective. a. A supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill); As a general overview, homelessness is on the rise all over the country. According to the U.S. Conference of Mayors in as study spanning 24 major cities , the demand for different forms of emergency shelter "had increased by 13% in 2001, and had swelled to 25% in 2005.. All in all, 71% of the cities registered an increase from the previous year." (Mayors, 2005) Aside from that, people were homeless for an average of seven months, a very disturbing figure which only continues to grow annually. In New York, Port Authority had banned panhandling in PATH subway stations and bus terminals nearly two decades ago, and this was a ruling that has been repeatedly been upheld by the Supreme Court. With dwindling funding and inadequate support from the local government, the common perception is that these big cities have turned their backs on the homeless. It is a pressing problem that is constantly looking us in the eye, and yet is continually ignored. Historically, homelessness started its rapid rise in the 1980's, when the Reagan administration cut public funding for low-cost housing in half. To further illustrate this, "between 1980 and 1989 the Department of Housing and Urban Development's budget was slashed from $74 billion to $19 billion". (Dreier, 2004) This resulted in an a shortfall in the availability of low-cost housing, just as the population in the concerned areas was increasing. It is widely believed that a lot of those displaced by these measures ended up in the streets, resulting in an exponential jump in the national homeless numbers. Coupled with the deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals which also displaced a lot of mentally ill patients, the city was being faced with a chronic and nagging problem that was turning critical by the day. New York was at the center of this social unrest in 1988, "when a riot erupted in Tompkins Square Park as police forcibly attempted to enforce a freshly-signed curfew on the park"(Purdum, 1988) This curfew was widely viewed as a thinly veiled attempt to evict the homeless residing in the park., and it quickly turned into a human rights snafu as numerous innocent bystanders were caught up in the fracas. Civic-minded organizations within the city tried their very best to assist the