The Definition of White Collar Crime

In this paper the exciting criminal phenomenon known as white-collar evil testament be discussed. Corporate wickedness and kindr Crime will be discussed in detail. Crime pr tear downtative agencies such as the NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) will also be researched. The fresh Professor Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar offense about 1941. Sutherland defined white-collar horror as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (Siegel 337)White-collar crime includes, by way of example, such acts as promulgating false or misleading advertising, illegal exploitation of employees, mislabeling of goods, violation of weights and measures statutes, conspiring to fix prices, evading corporate taxes, figurer crimes, and so on. White-collar crime is most distinctively defined in harm of attitudes toward those who commit it. These crimes ar punishable by law, however it is generally regarded by the courts and by sections of the general earth as some(prenominal) less reprehensible than crimes normally punished by the courts.The other types of crime are blue-collar offenses, which are predominately crimes of the beneath-privileged. White-collar crimes are punished far less harshly than blue-collar crimes, which shows societies attitudes towards the two sections of society. White-collar crime is attractive to criminals because it brings material rewards with little or no loss of status. (Taft & England 201) For some, white-collar crime is not viewed as a crime at all, because of its non-violent nature.Violent crime has an immediate and observable impact on its victim which raises the ire of the prevalent, whereas white-collar crime frequently goes undetected or is viewed as a bending of the rules. Yet white-collar crime whoremaster create the greater havoc. The victim of an assault will recover however, the impact of a fraud can last a lifetime. This is especially true when the elder ly are victimized, as they have little or no hope of re-establishing themselves in financial terms. reprobate to the popular belief, white-collar criminals are thieves and the methods used to conceal their offenses are both twisted and ingenious.Concealment of the crime is always an objective of the offender, and it becomes an element of the crime itself. Because it is an artful form of deceit, which is skillfully clothed, the investigation itself is often long and laborious as far as proving criminal intent is concerned. The offence itself may be disguised in a maze of legitimate transactions, which are quite proper if viewed in isolation however, the cumulative effect is the commission of a criminal offence. From the standstill of the criminal, the ideal white- collar crime is one that will never be recognized or detected as a criminal act.Corporate crime is the type of crime that is engaged in by individuals and groups of individuals who become involved in criminal conspiraci es designed to improve the market share or favorableness of their corporations. ( Siegel 338) Corporations are legal entities, which can be and are subjected to criminal processes. in that location is today little restriction on the range of crimes for which corporations may be held responsible, though a corporation cannot be imprisoned.The most controversial issue in regard to the study of corporate crime revolves around the question of whether corporate crime is really crime. Corporate officials, politicians, and many criminologists object to the criminological study of corporate criminality on the strictest sense of the word. The conventional and strictly legal definition of crime is that it is an act, which violates the criminal law and is thereby punishable by a criminal court. From this perspective a criminal is one who has been convicted in a criminal court. assumption these widely accepted notions of crime and criminals, it is argued that what is called corporate crime is not really crime and should not be considered as such by either the public or criminologists. (Hochstedler 22) It does appear that now in repenny times society has had a growing concern about white-collar and corporate crime. Studies have indicated that the public now judges white-collar criminality to be more serious than it had been in the past, mint now have lost confidence in the people running major companies, and most American corporate executives are believed to be dishonest.The publics concern with corporate crime has grown recently, only if if has been evident for several years. I will use one of the most memorable corporate crime cases in history The Ford Pinto Case to prove my statement. (Cullen/Maakestad/Cavender 43) The product liability grounds and appeal titled Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company is a case in point and ought to be read by everyone. Grimshaw is an example of the type of occasion that can happen when an industry insolates itself from competition. The P into affair has very important lessons for us all.Its story can teach us much about the power of broad corporations and what corporations can do when they face no real competition. It carries an important lesson about how the minds of those who run the worlds colossal corporations work. In November of 1971 the elderlys purchased a new 1972 Pinto hatchback manufactured by Ford in October of 1971. The Grays had trouble with the car from the outset. During the first few months of ownership, they had to return the car to the dealer for repairs a number of times.Their car problems included excessive bluster and oil consumption, down shifting of the automatic transmission, lack of power, and occasional stalling. It was later learned that the stalling and excessive fuel consumption were caused by a big(p) carburetor mishandle. On May 28, Mrs. Gray, accompanied by 13-year-old Richard Grimshaw, set out in the Pinto from Anaheim for Barstow to meet Mr. Gray. The Pinto was then six months old and had been driven approximately 3,000 miles. Mrs. Gray stopped in San Bernardino for be adriftoline, got back onto the freeway (Interstate 15) and proceeded toward her destination at 60 65 miles per hour.As she approached the Route 30 off-ramp where traffic was congested, she moved from the outer unshakable lane to the middle lane of the freeway. Shortly after this lane change, the Pinto suddenly stalled and coasted to a halt in the middle lane. It was later established that the carburetor float had become so saturated with gasoline that it suddenly sank, opening the float chamber and causing the engine to flood and stall. A car traveling instanter behind the Pinto was able to swerve and pass it but the driver of a 1962 Ford Galaxie was unable to avoid colliding with the Pinto.The Galaxie had been traveling from 50 to 55 miles per hour but before the impact had been braked to a speed of 28 to 37 miles per hour. At the moment of impact, the Pinto caught fire and its interi or was engulfed in flames. jibe to the plaintiffs expert, the impact of the Galaxie had driven the Pintos gas ice chest forward and caused it to be punctured by the flange or one of the bolts on the differential housing so that fuel sprayed from the punctured tank and entered the passenger compartment through gaps resulting from the separation of the rear wheel well sections from the floor pan.By the time the Pinto came to rest after the collision, both occupants had sustained serious burns. When they emerged from the vehicle, their clothe was almost completely burned off. Mrs. Gray died a few days later of congestive heart failure as a result of the burns. Grimshaw managed to break down but only through heroic medical measures. He has undergone numerous and extensive surgeries and skin grafts and was expected to have to undergo additional surgeries over the undermentioned 10 years.He lost portions of several fingers on his left hand and portions of his left ear, hile his face required many skin grafts from various portions of his body. This graphic reputation of these events is needed to grasp the full impact of this tragic situation which could have been avoided by Ford for very minimal cost. Each Pinto could have been repaired for $4-$8 a piece. Management knew of these defects but still decided to produce and release the Pinto to the public. The idea for the Pinto, as has been noted, was conceived by Mr. Iacocco sic, the Executive Vice President of Ford. The feasibility study was conducted under the supervision of Mr.Robert Alexander, Vice President of Car Engineering. Fords Product Planning Committee, whose members included Mr. Iacocca, Mr. Robert Alexander, and Mr. Harold MacDonald, Fords Group Vice President of Car Engineering, ap be the Pintos concept and made the finality to go forward with the project. Harley Copp, a former Ford engineer and executive in charge of the crash testing program, testified that the highest level of Fords management made the termination to go forward with the production of the Pinto, knowing that the gas tank was vulnerable to uncture at low rear impact speeds creating a significant risk of remainder or injury from fire and knowing that fixes were feasible at nominal cost.He testified that managements decision was based on the cost savings, which would inure from omitting the fixes. This was the corporations outright merchandise of human life for pay. The jury in this case brought in a verdict for the plaintiffs in excess of $128 million of which $125 million were punitive damages. There is another very important point to be made by this case.Ford knew that the Pinto was going to kill or burn people because of its design, but, because of the cost savings which would inure from omitting the fixes, Ford decided to let it go. Consider carefully exactly what Ford Motor Company was doing here. virtuoso could argue that Ford was conducting cost-benefit analysis. To the Ford executives, the benefi ts were clear, calculable, and promptly available. Ford would save a few dollars on each Pinto manufactured. The cost would accrue in the future and would not be paid by Ford.Unfortunately, the costs were the lives and permanent injuries of nameless and faceless future consumers. The Pinto would appear to be a prime example of laying off costs. The suffering, the destroyed lives and families apparently were of minor regard in the calculations when Ford performed the cost-benefit analysis. Corporate crime has also been linked to semipolitical leaders in this country. Corporate crime is a crime of power and profit for the offenders. Large and powerful corporations who have the support of prominent political leaders can be difficult to prosecute in corporate crime cases.At the Progress & Freedom Foundation conference held at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D. C. , Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R-Georgia) was asked why he spent so much time addressing the issue of street cri me and violence, while ignoring the issue of corporate crime and violence. Gingrich answered, If I went around the country and said, Vote for us and there will be no more white-collar fraud, the average voter will say, I dont think he gets it. But corporate crime is more than on the dot white-collar fraud.And one reason that Gingrich doesnt address the issue of corporate crime might be because one of the corporations that has brought him to power is Southwire Co. of Carrollton, Georgia. Southwire has close ties to Gingrich, it dominates the political economy of Carroll County, where Gingrichs political career was launched, and it is a corporation with a criminal record. Individuals affiliated with Southwire Co. , including its chief executive officer, Roy Richards, and its president, James Richards, have donated more than $18,000 to Gingrichs campaigns for Congress during the past ten years.According to the Los Angeles Times, James Richards has also donated 80,200 to GOPAC, the po litical action committee spearhearded by Gingrich. computer technology has introduced new factors concerning the types of perpetrators, the forms of assets threatened, and embezzlement methods. ( Radzinowicz 357) Computer crimes generally fall into five categories 1) thieving of services 2) use of computer data for personal gain 3) unauthorized use of computers employed for various types of financial processing 4) property theft by computer 5) placing viruses to destroy data.The terms computer misuse and computer abuse are also used frequently, but they have significantly different implications. guilty law recognizes the concepts of unlawful or fraudulent intent and of claim of right thus, any criminal laws that relate to computer crime would need to distinguish betwixt accidental misuse of a computer system, negligent misuse of a computer system and intended, unauthorized access to or misuse of a computer system, amounting to computer abuse.Annoying behavior must be distinguish ed from criminal behavior in law. History has shown that a broad range of persons commits computer crime students, amateurs, terrorists and members of organized crime groups. What distinguishes them is the nature of the crime committed. The individual who accesses a computer system without further criminal intent is much different from the employee of a financial institution who skims funds from customer accounts. The typical skill level of the computer criminal is a topic of controversy.Some claim that skill level is not an indicator of a computer criminal, while others claim that potential computer criminals are bright, eager, highly motivated subjects willing to accept a technological challenge, characteristics that are also highly desirable in an employee in the data-processing field. According to a number of studies, however, employees represent the largest threat, and indeed computer crime has often been referred to as an insider crime. One study estimated that 90 per cent of economic computer crimes were committed by mployees of the victimized companies.A recent survey in North America and europium indicated that 73 per cent of the risk to computer security was attributable to internal sources and only 23 per cent to external criminal activity. The American Bar link conducted a survey in 1987 of 300 corporations and government agencies, 72 claimed to have been the victim of computer-related crime in the 12-month period prior to the survey, sustaining losses estimated to range from $ cxlv million to $ 730 million.In 1991, a survey of security incidents involving computer-related crime was conducted at 3,000 Virtual Address Extension (VAX) sites in Canada, Europe and the United States of America. Seventy-two per cent of the respondents said that a security incident had occurred within the previous 12-month period 43 per cent indicated that the security incident they had sustained had been a criminal offence. A further 8 per cent were uncertain whether they had sustained a security incident. Similar surveys conducted around the world report significant and widespread abuse and loss.Computer criminals have gained notoriety in the media and appear to have gained more social acceptability than traditional criminals. The suggestion that the computer criminal is a less calumnious individual, however, ignores the obvious. The current threat is real. The future threat will be directly determined by the advances made in computer technology. Although it is difficult to quantify the celestial orbit of the computer crime problem, public reports have estimated that computer crime costs us between five hundred million and ten billion dollars per year.The Computer Security Institute has surveyed 428 information security specialists in Fortune 500 companies 42% of the respondents indicated that there was an unauthorized use of their computer systems in the last year. completely a small portion of computer crimes come to the attention of the l aw enforcement authorities. While it is possible to give an accurate description of the various types of computer offences committed, it has proved difficult to give an accurate, reliable overview of the extent of losses and the actual number of criminal offences.At its Colloquium on Computer Crimes and Other Crimes against Information Technology, held at Wurzburg, Germany, from 5 to 8 October 1992, AIDP released a report on computer crime based on reports of its member countries that estimated that only 5 per cent of computer crime was report to law enforcement authorities. Law enforcement officials indicate from their experience that recorded computer crime statistics do not represent the actual number of offences the term dark figure, used by criminologists to refer to unreported crime, has been applied to undiscovered computer crimes.The invisibility of computer crimes is based on several factors. First, sophisticated technology, that is, the immense, compact entrepot capacity of the computer and the speed with which computers function, ensures that computer crime is very difficult to detect. In contrast to most traditional areas of crime, unknowing victims are often advised after the fact by law enforcement officials that they have sustained a computer crime. Secondly, investigating officials often do not have sufficient learn to deal with problems in the complex environment of data processing.Thirdly, many victims do not have a contingency plan for responding to incidents of computer crime, and they may even fail to acknowledge that a security problem exists. The dynamic nature of computer technology, compounded by specific considerations and complications in applying traditional laws to this new technology, say that the law enforcement, legal and judicial communities must develop new skills to be able to respond adequately to the challenge presented by computer crime.The growing sophistication of telecommunications systems and the high level of exp ertise of many system operators complicate significantly the task of regulatory and legal intervention by law enforcement agencies. If the law enforcement confederacy is expected to deal with the problem of computer crime, adequate training sessions must be implemented. To address computer crime, most police departments are allocating a greater proportion of resources to their economic or fraud investigation divisions, since many types of computer crime occur in the course of business transactions or hazard financial assets.Accordingly, it is important for investigators to know about business transactions and about the use of computer in business. The ideal situation is to have investigators with not only solid criminal investigation backgrounds but also supplementary technical knowledge. This is similar to the traditional approach, where many police forces ensure that their fraud investigators, although not ineluctably accountants, possess a thorough understanding of financial a nd business record keeping.